In the British game of football (American soccer), whoever has the ball at his feet has the power to call the shots. [177] During the genocide in the NDH, Serbs suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, and the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century. [73], Othering is the term used by some to describe a system of discrimination whereby the characteristics of a group are used to distinguish them as separate from the norm. Learn more. Coalitional computation and social categorization", "Amygdala Sensitivity to Race Is Not Present in Childhood but Emerges over Adolescence", "A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: does amygdala response reflect threat? [110] At the same time, Charles Maurras (1868–1952), founder of the monarchist Action française movement, theorized the "anti-France", composed of the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the pejorative métèques). The Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband), created in 1891, promoted German imperialism and "racial hygiene", and was opposed to intermarriage with Jews. In Meiners' book, The Outline of History of Mankind, he claimed that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. The expression’s principal use still usually concerns war and fighting, although not necessarily of a maritime nature. Medical Dictionary is intended for use by healthcare consumers, students, and professionals as well as anyone who wants to keep up with the burgeoning array of terminology found in today’s medical news. In the mid-20th century, the German scholar Carl Meinhof (1857–1944) claimed that the Bantu race was formed by a merger of Hamitic and Negro races. They conflated nationalities with ethnic groups, called "races", in a radical distinction from previous racial discourses that posited the existence of a "race struggle" inside the nation and the state itself. [52][53] This concept has been used especially in the United States in debates over color-conscious policies (such as affirmative action) intended to remedy racial inequalities. [36] In both sociology and economics, the outcomes of racist actions are often measured by the inequality in income, wealth, net worth, and access to other cultural resources (such as education), between racial groups. Much American fictional literature has focused on issues of racism and the black "racial experience" in the US, including works written by whites, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, To Kill a Mockingbird, and Imitation of Life, or even the non-fiction work Black Like Me. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/advantages. [252], Despite support for evolutionary theories relating to an innate origin of racism, various studies have suggested racism is associated with lower intelligence and less diverse peer groups during childhood. Gobineau's theories would be expanded in France by Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936)'s typology of races, who published in 1899 The Aryan and his Social Role, in which he claimed that the white "Aryan race" "dolichocephalic", was opposed to the "brachycephalic" race, of whom the "Jew" was the archetype. [37], In sociology and social psychology, racial identity and the acquisition of that identity, is often used as a variable in racism studies. How to use advantage in a sentence. Thus, when the Hottentot Venus was displayed in England in the beginning of the 19th century, the African Association publicly opposed itself to the exhibition. [18][19][20], An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary (2008) defines racialism as "[a]n earlier term than racism, but now largely superseded by it", and cites the term "racialism" in a 1902 quote. Throughout history, when an adversary is identified as "other" based on notions of race or ethnicity (in particular when "other" is interpreted to mean "inferior"), the means employed by the self-presumed "superior" party to appropriate territory, human chattel, or material wealth often have been more ruthless, more brutal, and less constrained by moral or ethical considerations. This regime based its ideology on the racial separation of whites and non-whites, including the unequal rights of non-whites. [22] It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition, 1989) as "[t]he theory that distinctive human characteristics and abilities are determined by race"; the same dictionary termed racism a synonym of racialism: "belief in the superiority of a particular race". Race and race relations are prominent areas of study in sociology and economics. Legislative state racism is known to have been enforced by the National Party of South Africa during its Apartheid regime between 1948 and 1994. Madison Grant provided statistics for the Immigration Act of 1924, which severely restricted immigration of Jews, Slavs, and Southern Europeans, who were subsequently hindered in seeking to escape Nazi Germany. [129] The Inquisition was carried out by members of the Dominican Order in order to weed out the converts who still practiced Judaism and Islam in secret. ), and for centuries wars were waged between princes (Kabinettskriege in German). [149] In the first two-thirds of the 20th century, the Hamitic race was, in fact, considered one of the branches of the Caucasian race, along with the Indo-Europeans, Semites, and the Mediterraneans. Many use the term "racism" to refer to more general phenomena, such as xenophobia and ethnocentrism, although scholars attempt to clearly distinguish those phenomena from racism as an ideology or from scientific racism, which has little to do with ordinary xenophobia. [205] In November 2009, British newspaper The Guardian reported that Lou Jing, of mixed Chinese and African parentage, had emerged as the most famous talent show contestant in China and has become the subject of intense debate because of her skin color. [104] It was also a major force behind racial segregation, especially in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and South Africa under apartheid; 19th and 20th century racism in the Western world is particularly well documented and constitutes a reference point in studies and discourses about racism. In general, it promotes an egalitarian society in which people are not discriminated against on the basis of race. Though many countries around the globe have passed laws related to race and discrimination, the first significant international human rights instrument developed by the United Nations (UN) was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),[25] which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Robert Lacey explains:[130]. [40], This process has been studied extensively in social psychology as implicit associations and implicit attitudes, a component of implicit cognition. Discourse definition, communication of thought by words; talk; conversation: earnest and intelligent discourse. [121] By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from sub-Saharan Africa; Lewis argues that this led to the likes of Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. Non-white South Africans were not allowed involvement in any governing matters, including voting; access to quality healthcare; the provision of basic services, including clean water; electricity; as well as access to adequate schooling. On the other hand, Marxism also seized this discourse founded on the assumption of a political struggle that provided the real engine of history and continued to act underneath the apparent peace. It gave him an advantage over his opponent. Despite millennia of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial, being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives". (W. E. Auckland, Journal and Correspondence, 1788-98). [169], During the intensification of ties with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, Ante Pavelić and the Ustaše and their idea of the Croatian nation became increasingly race-oriented. who campaign for the interests of ethnic minorities commonly reject the concept of reverse racism. [242], The same year, William Z. Ripley used identical racial classification in The Races of Europe (1899), which would have a great influence in the United States. (Francis Bacon, Henry VII, 1622). (Texas Siftings, August, 1888). And, best of all, they even make the editing process easier! Another early view in scientific racism was the polygenist view, which held that the different races had been separately created. The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 prohibited sexual relations between any Aryan and Jew, considering it Rassenschande, "racial pollution". Stokely Carmichael is credited for coining the phrase institutional racism in the late 1960s. Their colleague Robert Kurzban designed an experiment whose results appeared to support this hypothesis. [citation needed], The term is often used in relation to what is seen as prejudice within a minority or subjugated group, as in the concept of reverse racism. They went in upon far better Cards to overthrow King Henry, than King Henry had to overthrow King Richard. I should expect that the African seaboard, now sparsely occupied by lazy, palavering savages, might in a few years be tenanted by industrious, order-loving Chinese, living either as a semidetached dependency of China, or else in perfect freedom under their own law. [9] Racism has played a role in genocides such as the Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, and the genocide of Serbs, as well as colonial projects including the European colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia as well as the Soviet deportations of indigenous minorities. (See INSTANTANEOUSNESS.) This European analysis, which first appeared in Great Britain, was then carried on in France by such people as Boulainvilliers, Nicolas Fréret, and then, during the 1789 French Revolution, Sieyès, and afterwards, Augustin Thierry and Cournot. [58][59], In relation to racism, color blindness is the disregard of racial characteristics in social interaction, for example in the rejection of affirmative action, as a way to address the results of past patterns of discrimination. ), the British school of social anthropology (Bronisław Malinowski, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, etc. Such theories were vividly described by the writer Émile Zola (1840–1902), who started publishing in 1871, a twenty-novel cycle, Les Rougon-Macquart, where he linked heredity to behavior. "Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions", "Affirmative Action; Color-Consciousness", "Reverse racism: Can't exist by definition, insulting to minority groups", "Why Can't This Soap Dispenser Identify Dark Skin? National Analytical Study on Racist Violence and Crime, RAXEN Focal Point for Italy – Annamaria Rivera. Reduced time to benefit. They were to continue the process for more than five hundred years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy. Although after World War II and the Holocaust, racist ideologies were discredited on ethical, political and scientific grounds, racism and racial discrimination have remained widespread around the world. However, the Hamitic peoples themselves were often deemed to have failed as rulers, which was usually ascribed to interbreeding with Negroes. Such aspects are described in this section, although the list is not exhaustive. The Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, Alfred Rosenberg, adopted the term from Klansman Lothrop Stoddard's 1922 book The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man. Resentment against Chinese workers has led to violent confrontations in Africa[215][216][217] and Oceania. The term can have one of several closely related meanings pertaining to databases and database management systems (DBMS): [89], Recent research has shown that individuals who consciously claim to reject racism may still exhibit race-based subconscious biases in their decision-making processes. 1. [190] Ne Win's rise to power in Burma in 1962 and his relentless persecution of "resident aliens" led to an exodus of some 300,000 Burmese Indians. 2. The convention also declared that there is no justification for racial discrimination, anywhere, in theory or in practice.[6]. ", "Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, and the Potential for Genocidal Violence in the Dominican Republic", Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, Gibson, Rich (2005) Against Racism and Irrationalism, Tali Farkash, "Racists among us" in Y-Net (Yediot Aharonot), "Jewish Scene" section, April 20, 2007, Race, history and culture – Ethics – March 1996, The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health, Interminority racism in the United States, List of anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms, Residential segregation in the United States, Racial bias in criminal news in the United States, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines), United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin, Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, National Indigenous Organization of Colombia, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism&oldid=1022766326, Articles with Norwegian-language sources (no), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Accompanying labels are: "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread", and "The white man must work to keep his children and pay his taxes." Racial discrimination refers to discrimination against someone on the basis of their race. [138], Although antisemitism has a long history, related to Christianity and native Egyptian or Greek religions[139] (anti-Judaism), racism itself is sometimes described as a modern phenomenon. During several years, a nationwide crisis affected French society, concerning the alleged treason of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish military officer. The country polarized itself into two opposite camps, one represented by Émile Zola, who wrote J'Accuse…! The basic idea behind a hash table is that accessing an element of an array via its index is a simple, constant-time operation. Furthermore, they believed that political boundaries should mirror these alleged racial and ethnic groups, thus justifying ethnic cleansing, in order to achieve "racial purity" and also to achieve ethnic homogeneity in the nation-state. DBMS + GUI tool (+ Generator) Another very popular approach is to make use of DBMS built-in data dictionary. The term also refers to a general category of entities that are highly and specifically regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory bodies. [166] Significant war crimes were committed against Slavs, particularly Poles, and Soviet POWs had a far higher mortality rate than their American and British counterparts due to deliberate neglect and mistreatment. [79] During the early 20th century, the phrase "The White Man's Burden" was widely used to justify an imperialist policy as a noble enterprise. By the mid-19th century, this Americanism was used figuratively to refer to any position of advantage. [154] Nazi policies labeled Romani people, people of color, and Slavs (mainly Poles, Serbs, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Czechs) as inferior non-Aryan subhumans. [146][147][148] Europeans considered Hamites to be more civilized than Sub-Saharan Africans, and more akin to themselves and Semitic peoples. catch a weasel asleep To gain an advantage over something due to its inattentiveness. This expression originally had to do with the stealthy movement of troops without the enemy’s knowledge. Other scientific authors include H.S. [57] Aversive racism is similar in implications to the concept of symbolic or modern racism (described below), which is also a form of implicit, unconscious, or covert attitude which results in unconscious forms of discrimination. Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was displayed in 1906 by eugenicist Madison Grant, head of the Bronx Zoo, as an attempt to illustrate the "missing link" between humans and orangutans: thus, racism was tied to Darwinism, creating a social Darwinist ideology that tried to ground itself in Darwin's scientific discoveries. The same year that Kipling published his poem, Joseph Conrad published Heart of Darkness (1899), a clear criticism of the Congo Free State, which was owned by Leopold II of Belgium. Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap), International law and racial discrimination, Fredrickson, George M. 1988. The Spanish nobility started taking shape around the ninth century in classic military fashion, occupying land as warriors on horseback. [8] It was also a major force behind racial segregation especially in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid; 19th and 20th century racism in Western culture is particularly well documented and constitutes a reference point in studies and discourses about racism. Advantage definition, any state, circumstance, opportunity, or means specially favorable to success, interest, or any desired end: the advantage of a good education. Racial centrality (the extent to which a culture recognizes individuals' racial identity) appears to affect the degree of discrimination African American young adults perceive whereas racial ideology may buffer the detrimental emotional effects of that discrimination. A sleeping animal is an easy target. It has been argued that this separation of races continues to exist de facto today in different forms, such as lack of access to loans and resources or discrimination by police and other government officials. in defense of Alfred Dreyfus, and the other represented by the nationalist poet, Maurice Barrès (1862–1923), one of the founders of the ethnic nationalist discourse in France. The errors that the subjects made in recalling who said what indicated that they sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker of the same race as the "correct" speaker, although they also sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker "on the same side" as the "correct" speaker. Pureness of race tended to be related to rather superficial characteristics that were easily addressed and advertised, such as blondness. beneficiary: [noun] a person or thing that receives help or an advantage from something : one that benefits from something. [168] In addition to Poles who represented the vast majority of the murdered people, the victims also included Jews, Armenians, Russians, and Ukrainians who were married to Poles or attempted to help them. [208] In the Sudan, black African captives in the civil war were often enslaved, and female prisoners were often sexually abused. Thus, he developed the theory that the French aristocrats were the descendants of foreign invaders, whom he called the "Franks", while according to him, the Third Estate constituted the autochthonous, vanquished Gallo-Romans, who were dominated by the Frankish aristocracy as a consequence of the right of conquest. A dictionary attack is based on trying all the strings in a pre-arranged listing. [255], State racism – that is, the institutions and practices of a nation-state that are grounded in racist ideology – has played a major role in all instances of settler colonialism, from the United States to Australia. [207], Some 70,000 black African Mauritanians were expelled from Mauritania in the late 1980s. Ewen & Ewen (2006), "Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality", Seven Stories Press, New York. Dawkins writes that racial prejudice, while not evolutionarily adaptive, "could be interpreted as an irrational generalization of a kin-selected tendency to identify with individuals physically resembling oneself, and to be nasty to individuals different in appearance. Barnum in 1836, a few years after the exhibition of Saartjie Baartman, the "Hottentot Venus", in England. Centuries of European colonialism in the Americas, Africa and Asia were often justified by white supremacist attitudes. In thinking about crime, for example, social psychologist Jennifer L. Eberhardt (2004) of Stanford University holds that, "blackness is so associated with crime you're ready to pick out these crime objects. The latter argued that the Indians practiced human sacrifice of innocents, cannibalism, and other such "crimes against nature"; they were unacceptable and should be suppressed by any means possible including war,[134] thus reducing them to slavery or serfdom was in accordance with Catholic theology and natural law.
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